天下第一古村：湖南张谷英村
张谷英村位于湖南省岳阳市以东的渭洞笔架山和龙形山之下，是我国保存得最完整的江南民居古建筑群落。它 被人们誉为“民间故宫”和“天下第一村”。2021年5月13日下午，我和老伴慕名游览了张谷英村。 https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0601%2Fff0a022cj00qtzvi2001xc000hs00bug.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg相传明代洪武年间，江西人张谷英沿幕阜山脉西行至渭洞，见这里层山环绕，形成一块盆地，自然环境优美，顿生在此定居的念头。张谷英是位风水先生，他经过细致勘测后，选择了这块宅地，便大兴土木，繁衍生息，张谷英村由此而得名。 https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0601%2Fe3e4a006j00qtzvi2002jc000hs00dcg.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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张谷英村几经沧桑，基本上保留了原状。比较完整的门庭有“上新层”、“当大门”、“潘家冲”三栋，规格不等而又相连的每栋门庭都由过厅、会面堂层、祖宗堂屋、后厅等“四进”及其与厢房、耳房等形成的三个天井组成。 顺着屋脊望去，张谷英村整个建筑就变成了无数个“井”字。厅堂里廊栉比，天井棋布，工整严谨，青砖花岗岩为辅。 https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0601%2F41d75327j00qtzvi2001nc000hs00afg.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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张谷英村古建筑第一绝是“分则自成庭院、合则贯为一体”的独特框架。张谷英村几经沧桑，基本上保留了原状。 https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0601%2Fd1dc6bcaj00qtzvi4002pc000hs00npg.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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张谷英大屋场古建筑第二绝是“溪自阶下淌，门朝水中开”、“天晴不曝晒，雨雪不湿鞋”的格局。张谷英村房屋大都是依山而建，伴溪而筑，到处是曲径通幽，小桥流水，栋字相连，渭溪河迂回曲折穿村而过，河上大小石桥47座，屋宇墙檀相接，参差在溪流之上，傍溪建有一条长廊，廊里用青石板铺路，沿途通达各门各户，连接每一条巷口，巷道共有60条，纵横交错，通达每个厅堂，最长的巷道有153米。 https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0601%2Fc051f65aj00qtzvi5002mc000hs00npg.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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张谷英大屋场古建筑第三绝是天井为载体，合理通达、从不涝渍的排水系统。这里的天井随处可见，堂屋、厢房，厨房等处均有天井。四通八达的下水道，畅通无阻。 https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0601%2Ff63ce0f2j00qtzvi70025c000hs00npg.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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畔溪长廊，沿着小溪迂迴曲折而建，各种商铺面对长廊而开，脚踏发亮的麻石，仿佛还能听到古人来往的喧哗与马蹄声。 https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0601%2F5636d64ej00qtzvi7003wc000hs00npg.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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张谷英村四面环山，如坐盆底，可一到雨天，天井底下横竖有序的石条下，凭其四通八达的隐形水道，水平适度，无一疏漏。600多年来，虽然经历多次暴雨洪灾，但从来没有出现过天井渍水堵塞之事。 https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0601%2F1bbe4b0aj00qtzvi80020c000hs00npg.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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穿越时空隧道，锁定六百年历史沧桑，大屋下恍如隔世的真实生活，一个清净心灵的宝地。 https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0601%2F21955becj00qtzvia001cc000hs00dcg.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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这里没有车水马龙，没有喧哗纷扰，在古村的天井院落旁围桌而坐：或绣花，或纺线，或编一个草鞋，或织一个竹篾，恍如置身于世外桃源。 https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0601%2Fbf468ccbj00qtzvic001rc000hs00dcg.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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古绣楼。 https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0601%2F56c21392j00qtzvic002bc000hs00npg.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
建于200多年前的绣房，为张氏16世祖为其女儿所造。 https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0601%2F051a0122j00qtzvid0024c000hs00npg.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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张谷英大屋场不但规模宏大，而且房屋的建筑工艺精细，作为装饰品的砖雕、石刻和木雕都很精美。屋场木上雕花，石上刻字，处处皆画，步步有景，被誉为中国民俗艺术的“民间故宫”。 https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0601%2F89c78854j00qtzvie001yc000hs00dcg.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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整个张谷英村的居民都是张谷英的后代，现在这个村居住着600多户2000多人，这种汉族同姓，单一家族的村落，经历了600多年， 仍然保持这样纯粹，在我们国家是不多见的。 https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0601%2Fb2bf5641j00qtzvig002qc000hs00dcg.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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张谷英大屋族规严格，礼义治家，乐善好施，闻名远近。张谷英家训是张谷英家族生存和发展的过程中，不断地扬弃和超越的民族内部处方，是逐渐提高和完善的一种民族内部文化，张谷英正是在这种独特的文化氛围中健康地生存、发展和延续世代相传。 https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0601%2F663b8c9fj00qtzvii002lc000hs00npg.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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走进张谷英村，你仿佛感觉到历史似乎离我们更近了，而现实似乎离我们更远了，这也许就是张谷英村最大的价值所在。
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